Extracellular cyclic dinucleotides induce polarized responses in barrier epithelial cells by adenosine signaling

Anonymous — Tue, 03 Nov 2020 15:00:00 +0000

Extracellular cyclic dinucleotides induce polarized responses in barrier epithelial cells by adenosine signaling Anonymous (not verified) Tue, 11/03/2020 - 08:00

Chang D ➤Whiteley AT Bugda Gwilt K Lencer WI Mekalanos JJ* Thiagarajah JR*

PNAS. 2020 Nov 3;117(44):27502-27508. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2015919117

Abstract

Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are secondary messengers used by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In mammalian cells, cytosolic CDNs bind STING (stimulator of IFN gene), resulting in the production of type I IFN. Extracellular CDNs can enter the cytosol through several pathways but how CDNs work from outside eukaryotic cells remains poorly understood. Here, we elucidate a mechanism of action on intestinal epithelial cells for extracellular CDNs. We found that CDNs containing adenosine induced a robust CFTR-mediated chloride secretory response together with cAMP-mediated inhibition of Poly I:C-stimulated IFNβ expression. Signal transduction was strictly polarized to the serosal side of the epithelium, dependent on the extracellular and sequential hydrolysis of CDNs to adenosine by the ectonucleosidases ENPP1 and CD73, and occurred via activation of A2B adenosine receptors. These studies highlight a pathway by which microbial and host produced extracellular CDNs can regulate the innate immune response of barrier epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces.

Keywords

adenosine; cyclic dinucleotide; epithelial; intestine

(p)ppGpp and c-di-AMP Homeostasis Is Controlled by CbpB in Listeria monocytogenes.

Anonymous — Tue, 25 Aug 2020 15:00:00 +0000

(p)ppGpp and c-di-AMP Homeostasis Is Controlled by CbpB in Listeria monocytogenes. Anonymous (not verified) Tue, 08/25/2020 - 09:00

Peterson BN Young MKM Luo S Wang J ➤Whiteley AT Woodward JJ Tong L Wang JD Portnoy DA

mBio 2020 Aug 25;11(4):e01625-20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01625-20.

Abstract

The facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, like many related Firmicutes, uses the nucleotide second messenger cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) to adapt to changes in nutrient availability, osmotic stress, and the presence of cell wall-acting antibiotics. In rich medium, c-di-AMP is essential; however, mutations in cbpB, the gene encoding c-di-AMP binding protein B, suppress essentiality. In this study, we identified that the reason for cbpB-dependent essentiality is through induction of the stringent response by RelA. RelA is a bifunctional RelA/SpoT homolog (RSH) that modulates levels of (p)ppGpp, a secondary messenger that orchestrates the stringent response through multiple allosteric interactions. We performed a forward genetic suppressor screen on bacteria lacking c-di-AMP to identify genomic mutations that rescued growth while cbpBwas constitutively expressed and identified mutations in the synthetase domain of RelA. The synthetase domain of RelA was also identified as an interacting partner of CbpB in a yeast-2-hybrid screen. Biochemical analyses confirmed that free CbpB activates RelA while c-di-AMP inhibits its activation. We solved the crystal structure of CbpB bound and unbound to c-di-AMP and provide insight into the region important for c-di-AMP binding and RelA activation. The results of this study show that CbpB completes a homeostatic regulatory circuit between c-di-AMP and (p)ppGpp in Listeria monocytogenes

IMPORTANCE Bacteria must efficiently maintain homeostasis of essential molecules to survive in the environment. We found that the levels of c-di-AMP and (p)ppGpp, two nucleotide second messengers that are highly conserved throughout the microbial world, coexist in a homeostatic loop in the facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes Here, we found that cyclic di-AMP binding protein B (CbpB) acts as a c-di-AMP sensor that promotes the synthesis of (p)ppGpp by binding to RelA when c-di-AMP levels are low. Addition of c-di-AMP prevented RelA activation by binding and sequestering CbpB. Previous studies showed that (p)ppGpp binds and inhibits c-di-AMP phosphodiesterases, resulting in an increase in c-di-AMP. This pathway is controlled via direct enzymatic regulation and indicates an additional mechanism of ribosome-independent stringent activation.

Keywords

bacteria; cyclic dinucleotide; stringent response

cyclic dinucleotide

Extracellular cyclic dinucleotides induce polarized responses in barrier epithelial cells by adenosine signaling

Abstract

Keywords

Links

(p)ppGpp and c-di-AMP Homeostasis Is Controlled by CbpB in Listeria monocytogenes.

Abstract

Keywords

Links